Fact in focus: Although Michigan is 3rd in our democracy index, 11 out of its 15 US House seats are represented by untouchable incumbents.

Since 1993, FairVote has tracked elections to the U.S. House of Representatives through its lens of the way democracy will be:

Equal access to fair representation through an equal vote for all.


Dubious Democracy is a series of algorithms that categorize districts and states by rates of overall turnout, wasted votes, turnout dropoff across races, and proportionality of seats to votes. It provides indicators of the civic health of America, touching on:

• How competitive an election is.
• How fair an election result is.
• Where it's meaningful to vote.
• Why one might not bother to vote.

Dubious Democracy has the added benefits of providing researchers with ready-made indicies and digitized records of district-level U.S. House results.


The State profile above contains information regarding the state's relative national position with regards to the democratic nature of its elections, as well as more specific data about the state's House elections.